Racial Profiling by Police Essay - 1502 Words

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. -- Martin Luther King, Jr. In a perfect world, everyone WOULD be judged based on the content of their character. But we do not live in a perfect world and humans have always pre-judged others based on physical and cultural differences. These are the first things we notice about a stranger, and first impressions are hard to forget. Racism and prejudice have caused us to make dire mistakes in the past, but we have learned from these mistakes and have bettered our society. However, society today is filled with stereotypes and prejudices about people of certain races. It†¦show more content†¦A warrant is issued when there is enough evidence to reasonably doubt an individual’s innocence. By not getting a warrant, a law enforcement officer is going off of his own personal assumption that someone may be guilty. With racial profiling, police are using skin color to not only justify their suspicion, but to define it. They have no logical reason to pull over African-Americans more often than whites other than the fact that they are black. Profiling distracts law enforcement from real threats. In 2002, profilers for the DC sniper case described the suspect as being an â€Å"angry white male† when in fact the killers were two African-American men that were actually pulled over but let go because they did not fit the profile (Buchanan). Assuming that serial killers are white males is one of the many stereotypes that blind law enforcement in catching a criminal. A vague description such as a â€Å"white male† limits the search to only people of that profile, and the police would only focus on that one characteristic. It is a shame that the real killers were actually pulled over at one time, but just because they weren’t the right â€Å"color† meant that they were automatically ruled out. If the police focused on facial expressions and suspicious behaviors, maybe these killers would have beenShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling by Police Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pages    There are many types of racism in America that cause people to make accusations against law enforcement for discrimination. One type of racism is racial profiling. It is a strategy that encourages police officers to stop and question minorities only because of their race. It takes place in a variety of routine police encounters. Unmotivated searches occur everyday among the minority groups. Could you imagine waking up and being scared to walk outside your house because of the color ofRead MorePolice Brutality And Racial Profiling1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of police brutality and racial profiling is an unfortunate part of today’s society that needs to be addressed. Blacks are being stopped and searched by police officers in greater numbers compared to other races, and sometimes these situations escalate into violence. In the essay Blue On Black Violence: Freddie Gray, Baltimore, South Africa, the Quietism of Africana Christian Theology, author Darryl Scriven, a Philosophy professor at Florida AM University, reports that, â€Å"CNN reported thatRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesParanoids Turn Out to be Right,† acknowledges the issues of racism and racial profiling committed by police. In â€Å"Fist, Stick, Knife, Gun,† Geoffrey Canada also expresses views on this issue when he asserts that police fail to protect and serve individuals in poor neighborhoods. 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Every day, people are being pulled over, harassed, and even killed for being of a certain race. There are new laws that politicians are trying to pass that promote racial discrimination. Racial profiling is immoral and does not increase public safety. Incarceration rates are a definite proof that racial discrimination occurs. â€Å"Incarceration rates in the United StatesRead More Racial Profiling by Police Essays929 Words   |  4 Pagesseizures†¦ (108). Under the Fourth Amendment the legal constraints placed on police and the rules they must follow for â€Å"Stop and Frisk† happened as a result of the â€Å"Terry v. Ohio â€Å"case (162). The constraints are that the police cannot stopped and frisk people without reasonable suspicion probable cause or a warrant. Before 1968 the police could search a suspect only if they had probable cause. After the Terry case the police may conduct a frisk search of a suspect’s outer clothing only if there wasRead MorePolice and Racial Profiling Essay2724 Words   |  11 Pages Can we stop the unjust practice of racial profiling? Is it correct for Police Officers to stop a black driver for an alleged traffic offense to question and sometimes search the black driver? These questions provoke the need to understand racial profiling and racism along with what problems are involved and the possible solutions. Doesnt the use of race make sense? Isnt it really just good police work? The guarantee to all persons of equal protection under the law is one of the most fundamentalRead MorePolice Brutality And Racial Profiling1902 Words   |  8 PagesPolice brutality refers to the intentional utilization of vituperations or extortionate force directed towards a country s citizens by the police force. This extortionate force may be physical or in form of psychological dauntingness. Police brutality is highly evident in many countries all over the world especially in the news where such cases are reported. It is optically discerned as a form of police malfeasance which involves sexual abuse, police corruption, erroneous apprehends, racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Police Force1951 Words   |  8 PagesIn modern day society, the police force is meant to safeguard the lives of those they serve, to eliminate crime, to ensure public safety, and to do so in an honorable fashion. They are meant to be respected and trusted by those they potentially protect. Children often looked at them as modern day superheroes. At some point however, something changed and the neighborhood hero transformed into the villain. What happens when the ones people reach out to in a time of distress become the ones causingRead MorePolice Brutality And Racial Profiling Essay2484 Words   |  10 PagesPolice Brutality and Racial Profiling Police Brutality is defined as the use of excessive force by police officers when they encounter civilians. Police officers are defined as people who are responsible for the prevention of crime. Brutality is defined as, â€Å"savage, physical violence.† Police brutality has been alive and well for many years, but a majority of the cases had been recently. Dating back to the times of the Civil Rights Movement and even before, minorities have been treated with little

Television Interview The Crucible - 1118 Words

Radio Interview: ABC: Good morning Daniel. Welcome to our radio show. D: Thank you for inviting me. It is a pleasure to be here and speak to your audience. ABC: You played the role of John Proctor in the movie, â€Å"The Crucible†. Tell us briefly about your role. D: Well, I play the role of John Proctor, Elizabeth’s husband, as a local farmer who is a stern, harsh-tongued man of high social standing and integrity and who hates hypocrisy. He is a proud man who places great emphasis on his reputation in society. ABC: As in most plays and movies, there are important themes represented. What are some of these in the movie? D: Well, there are several themes that we can relate to even in our modern times, such as themes of intolerance, fear, hysteria, reputation, integrity, greed and jealousy, revenge, pride and authority. ABC: Can you tell us more on some of the themes as it relates to today’s societies? D: ‘The Crucible’, written by Arthur Miller more than 60 years ago, is a drama based on events of 17th century that deals with religious hysteria and literal witch hunting that swept American town of Salem. Similar political hysteria and symbolic witch hunting occurred in American society in the 1950s about anti-communism led by anti-communist crusaders like Senator, Joseph McCarthy. Miller’s main aim in 1953 was to cast light on this American paranoia about communism and especially Soviet influence of which American had great fear of. ThusShow MoreRelatedGeeks and Geezers994 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Ethics Prof. Barnett 11 November 2009 Geeks and Geezers Interviews with men and women who are leaders of both large and small companies demonstrated that the similarities between these apparently disparate groups (Gen X and Gen Y) offer significant insight into the qualities of leadership that transcend generational differences. 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Substance Misuse and Communicable Disease

Question: Raine is 20 years of age and has been injecting heroin for five months. She has two young children and is pregnant. She lives in temporary accommodation but wants to move out fairly soon because of the poor conditions. She tries to avoid sharing injecting equipment and has shared once when she has been withdrawing from drugs and her supply of drugs ran out. She has been in contact with a drug agency for the last two months (She was infected with HIV by her partner and has been positive for one year and is not taking any drug treatment). She is four months pregnant and is worried about telling anybody and whether the baby will be infected with HIV as her other children are not HIV positive. You are required to choose ONE of the case studies available on Blackboard and in 3000 words demonstrate the achievement of the 4 learning outcomes by addressing the following points: 1. Briefly illustrate the scientific (nature of the disease, basic biology) social and historical factors that influence the Epidemiology (way of transmission, prevalence, mortality and morbidity) of communicable diseases and relate these to the specific case study. 2. Identify and critically discuss any areas of risk behaviour in the case study and link them to the literature. 3. Identify and critically discuss evidence-based interventions that may be needed and link the to theories of behaviour change. 4. Explain difficulties and obstacles, which may be encountered in implementing the proposed interventions and how these can be overcome. 5. Discuss any issues arising out of the case study from the communicable diseases, substance misuse and health behaviour perspective. Answer: HIV or the human immunodeficiency virus is said to be a lentivirus which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Bell, Selby and McMickens, 2011). In this disease state the immune system of human body progressively fails and allows severe opportunistic infections, like cancers to increase (Thormar, 2013). Depending upon the virus subtypes average time of survival of the affected individuals without any treatment is approximately from 9-11years. HIV infection takes place by transmission of semen, vaginal fluid, blood, breast milk or pre-ejaculate. Within these fluids, HIV can be presented as both as free viral particles and as infected immune cells (Federal Ministry of Health, 2014). HIV infects the core human immune cells like T helper cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Low levels of CD4+ Tcells are resulted from the HIV infection through different mechanisms, comprising uninfected bystander cells apoptosis, nonstop viral killing of contaminated cells and damage of con taminated CD4+ T cells by the CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes which identify the infected cells (Albuquerque et al., 2007). If the numbers of the CD4+ T cell turn down below a significant level, cell mediated immunity will be lost and the human system will become progressively more prone to severe infections. HIV contains RNA or ribonucleic acid as their genetic material and requires a host ad reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert the genetic material RNA to deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA (Wagner, 2008). This virus can enter to the host cells and targets the systems defense mechanism, offered by the immune system and the leucocytes. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) HIV is a retrovirus which contaminates the immune system cells and damage their functional properties (Watstein and Jovanovic, 2003). At the earlier stage of this infection, affected individual does not demonstrate any kind of indications or symptoms. However, later on during the progression of this disease the immune system of the affected individual becomes weaker and more prone to severe other infectious diseases, for example: pneumonia and tuberculosis (WHO., 2008). Like other blood borne viruses, HIV gets transmitted from one individual to another during un-protective sex along with sharing infected syringes and needles, transfusion of infected blood or blood products, mucus membrane, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, bruises or open cuts. During pregnancy a vertical transmission of this virus from mother to the baby is also possible. Substance misuse among the HIV affected bisexual and homosexual male increases the chance of getting affected with this disease. Nevertheless, researchers have demonstrated that injecting drug users are pretty aware of the requirement for proper conduct and sexual behavior. Chimpanzees can bear Simian Immunode ciency Virus (SIV) in their system and that is harmless to them. These viruses are termed as retrovirus (Pepin, 2011). When this virus is transmitted to different primate, complications can arise. It is mentioned that earlier chimpanzees were hunted and eaten frequently by the tribal groups in central Africa. Thus by ingestion, the unique Simian virus was transmitted from chimpanzee to human (Tabor, 2007). The Simian virus got mutated inside the human body and thus the first HIV form was originated. The transfer of pathogen from animals to human beings, which fits well with the human immune deficiency virus, is scientifically termed as Zoonosis (Lashley and Durham, 2007). For a successful transmission of these viruses require certain favorable conditions, for instance nearby host animal population, human population, infectious microorganism in host animal that is capable in spreading from animal to human being, good contacts among the species t o transmit sufficient pathogens to humans which might have taken gigantic amount of individual contacts, ability of the microbes to spread among the human race probably by acquired mutation and various mechanisms that allow the viruses to widely disperse and prevention of infection from blazing out either by killing its human host or by provoking immunity among the local human populations. To illustrate the origin of this virus, researchers have found the possible time interval of the transfer of the cross-species (Hooper, 2000). The AIDS outbreak causes major risks to the economical, social and mental welfare of HIV infected individuals. This could adversely have an effect on household strength and sustainability, schooling, admission to health care and childrens susceptibility to infection. The WHO represented worldwide data on HIV (WHO, 2008). Almost 67% pregnant female are living with AIDS in middle and lower income countries and under the medicinal administration to protect the ir babies from the HIV transmission (Who.int, 2015). Globally almost 2million people have registered themselves to get antiretroviral treatment in the year 2013 (Who.int, 2015). 23%children are in the need for HIV treatment compare to 37%adults (Who.int, 2015). This also point out bigger gap existed between the services for children and adult living with human immunodeficiency virus. Therefore it is of utmost importance that the writer consider this issue as one of the major challenge in health care sector and will try to recognize the fundamental factors and develop these issues thoroughly by correlating them with Raines case study. This essay will demonstrate communicable diseases set up in this case study by dealing with their basic biology, historical and social factors, which influence their mode of transmission, morbidity, mortality and prevalence. This essay will also illustrate the areas of risk behaviors and correlate them to the research literature. Additionally, evidence based research will be involved to identify the issues affecting Raine and her family. Any probable complications and hindrance will also be discussed to implement the proposed interventions and the way these hurdles can be overcome. Finally, this essay will also demonstrate whether any issues are arising out of this case study from the communicable diseases, substance abuse and health behavior perception. Areas of risk behavior in the case study The 20years old female Raine has been injecting herion since last five months. She lives in temporary accommodation which is very poor in condition. She has shared injecting equipments. Therefore, it is clear to state that Raine has been abusing heroin that is considered as a class A controlled substance under the Drugs Act, 1971 (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Heroine dependence increases after several weeks and unexpected termination can gives rise to tremendously uncomfortable psychological and physical withdrawal indications for instance muscle pain, anxiety yet in the absence of bodily trauma. Sharing same injectable equipments also increases the possibility of HIV transmission from one individual to another. Heroin does not completely dissolve because it contains certain additives and during the injection can accumulate within the blood vessels which lead to the kidneys, brain and lungs (Dirks et al., 2012). This blockage can also leads to vein damage, collapse, local infection abs cesses, thrombosis, heart valve infections, ulcers and circulatory complications. In this case study, Raine is pregnant and pregnancy exposes Raine to factors like weakened immunity, insufficient prenatal care and poor nutrition. Substance abuse during pregnancy is also associated with developmental delay, spontaneous abortion risk and low birth weight. Moreover, the unborn fetus may born with physical abnormality and dependency on heroin, can suffer from withdrawal syndrome and thus serious medical problems require hospital admission. To support this concept Oei et al. (2012) have published a review on amphetamines uses during pregnancy and its impact (Oei et al., 2012). The aim of their research was to evaluate and summarize already presented evidence about the amphitamines impact on pregnancy, the newborn and the child. Amphetamines are the neurotoxins and neurostimulants which are considered as the globally abused illicit drugs. The users are at the greater risk of mental co-mor bidities and evidences have suggested that amphetamine exposure prior to pregnancy is correlated with reduced pregnancy outcomes and data is cofounded by other unpleasant factors linked with drug dependency (Oei et al., 2012). The researchers have used Government data conference abstracts, book chapters and published articles. The worldwide incidence of amphitaine exposure during pregnancy stage is probably underestimated but agreed to be rising rapidly, while contact to other substances is decreasing, like: heroin. Would be mothers using amphetamines are at the elevated risk of mental co-morbidity and inferior obstetric consequences but the newborns may escape exposure, as the withdrawal signs are commonly less defined than those infants who are exposed to opiates. Very little proof are present regarding amphetamine stimulated neurotoxicity and enduring neuro-developmental impact as information is limited and hard to remove from the control of other issues correlated with kids livi ng in families where parents are into drug abuse in terms of neglect and poverty. Amphetamine exposure prior to and after pregnancy is a worldwide concern but in depth research, typically for the childhood consequences are still under the darkness (Lester and Lagasse, 2010). Hence the researchers have suggested that the kids may be at the risk of constant behavioral and developmental obstacle and suggest that attempts can be made to develop early recognition of exposure prior to the pregnancy and to develop provision of prior intervention services for affected individuals and their family members. Another condition is that, Raine is pregnant and detected with HIV positive. As a result there is a high possibility of viral transmission to her fetus since she is not under the administration of antiretroviral therapy (Zarocostas, 2009). As Raine has shared injectable equipments it can be obviously mentioned that she may be a carrier of other type of blood borne viruses like HCV and HBV. Raine despite of her diagnosis with HIV is unwilling to undergo any medical assistance that can increase the risk of developing AIDS and subsequently death. Different researches have shown when individual stops applying heroin, acceptance falls rapidly and on re-initiating the system would not be able to manage with the same quantity and the individual can be at the risk of a drug overdose. Evidence-based interventions and link with behavior change theories Raine is four months pregnant and is worried about sharing this fact to the health care staff working with Raine. The drug workers have built a therapeutic association with Raine which is depending on trust (Lippke and Ziegelmann, 2008). As per scientist Barker therapeutic associations are the keystone of nursing practice with the individuals experiencing risk to their health. Good nursing intervention and assistance can modify Raines behavior to reduce HIV transmission to others. Though Raine is aware of the fact that prior a year she was affected with HIV but failed to obtain antenatal care and counseling about her pregnancy, possibly due to stigma associated with HIV diagnosis (Seckinelgin, 2007). Substance abuse is a powerful cause of stigma and is increased by HIV diagnosis. Mostly women who are diagnosed with HIV go through immense discrimination from the community and family members than males. So, it is obvious to mention that this stigma is the only reason why the affected w omen feel scared to share about their condition to other people (Rotheram-Borus, Swendeman and Flannery, 2009). They also feared that people may be blaming them. Raine and her partner can be benefited from HIV counseling. This can support them that in this world there are various people exist with this virus. IN terms of counseling, Raine and her partner need to be counseled together in order to give them an opportunity for informed choices relating to their lives. Counseling is always helpful as it gives knowledge, increase awareness, supports individual and explores individuals thoughts and feelings that will stop further disease spread, allow treatment access, protection and care of the fetus (Liechty, 2004). Raine along with her partner can be benefited from Health Belief Model (HBM) (Carpenter, 2010). The health belief model and associated theory of rational action emphasize the significance of knowledge, positive attitude and beliefs regarding the advantages and threats of mod ifying individual behavior. As per this model, behavior is altered when an individual recognizes the requirement to alter their present behavior and approach towards specific action. Raine should identify if she is inclined to a particular difficulty, recognize the severity of the complication and provide consideration to altered behavior by analyzing prospect of its consequences (Gregson, 2006). Both Raine and her partner should acknowledge the complications which are considered unsafe as alterations are almost doubtful if Raine and her partner continue to understand their functions as satisfactory with no harsh outcomes to the involved lives. Sexually active females like Raine in this case should be faithful to her partner and take protective measures appropriately and unfailingly. Health promotional education could be another important intervention regarding blood borne viral infections like Hepatitis A, B, C and airborne spread of tuberculosis could be useful for Raine and her family as they are at the higher probability to get affected with these diseases (Miilunpalo, 2000). Hepatitis A virus causes liver inflammation and can spread through extremely unhygienic food, environment, faucal and oral route and need to be treated immediately. HBV can cause liver damage as the human system responds to viral infections (Davis, 2010). The associated symptoms are headache, jaundice, raised temperature, fatigue and many more. HCV is a blood borne viral infection that affects the liver and causes liver disease and chronic infection. It is also probable that after infection inactive infection can persist and almost 10% of infected people can develop active tuberculosis in their life (Mohebati, Davis and Fry, 2010). Raines partner can be benefited from the cycle of change d model. This form needs an affected individual to experience following periods while altering behavior that are pre-consideration, contemplation, preparation, action, continuation and relapse (Fischler, 2002). In Raines case it is therefore, significant to mention that a multidisciplinary team should identify her cause of fear, offer additional support throughout counseling sessions to tolerate the complications faced. Difficulties and obstacles in implementing the proposed interventions Raine is pregnant; hence the most important part of concern is associated with her breast feeding. Avoiding breast feeding may make her anxious as it may represent a sign to the member living around her that is Raine is HIV affected. In terms of cultural reasons few women can find it hard to accept the fact of avoiding breast feeding apprehending the stigma, violence and abandonment as they are living with HIV virus (Macleod, 2010). It can be considered that Raine may be under the treatment of methadone and a psossibility is present injecting other medicines as poly drug user. Raine may get benefited from being instructed by drug workers on safe procedures of injection administration. Researchers have shown that almost 50% individuals who are under methadone treatment continued injecting cocaine regardless of the methadone dosage. Also, research study has established the fact that almost 80% individuals who are under the methadone treatment, considerably reduced the heroin use and al most 50% lessened cocaine usage (Evans and Lambert, 2008). The National Treatment Agency advocated that individual should exchange injecting sites in order to circumvent steady use of same injecting location thus reducing the threat of destructing the shin integrity (Ammann, 2002). In addition, research study also suggests that affected individual should be offered with the management for injection site infection with hepatitis testing, hepatitis vaccine with several follow up approaches. Difficulties may have risen in terms of cultural belief. Raines partner may be unwilling to use protective sex measures, like use of condoms as he might belief that male has the only right to decide where, when and how sex will take place. These types of beliefs can make male uncomfortable regarding revealing that they are unaware of certain facts and thus limiting their information access. This condition can worsen the male and females susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and HIV (Smyth, Barry and Keenan, 2001). The deficiency of financial stability of the women exposes them to male supremacy. In such conditions women depend on their male partners for financial support plus supply of addictive drugs and making sure a stable supply would be present in terms of sexual surrender (Schubert, 2005). This intervention would be to appoint Raine in meetings on the application of social cognitive theory. With the help of this theory Raine can learn behaviors by modeling others be havior or by straight experience among the self help groups. At the end of the session it could be expected that Raine will be empowered to demand safe sex with his partners along with protective measures, as this will stop HIV transmission between the couples. Issues arising out of the case study Other concerns arising out of this case study includes that Raine and her partner are at risk to other infections for example sexually transmitted disease and invasive pneumococcal disease. The affected individuals detected with HIV infection had different types of invasive pneumococcal disease infections in the last 10years (Williams, Gunter and Nicholas, 2006). If Raine and her partner are infected they can get benefit from invasive pneumococcal disease vaccines for affected individuals with HIV regardless of CD4 count. Additional data demonstrated that people who are recently diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease and with human immunodeficiency, majority were parallaly diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (Kunnuji, 2013). Raine and her partner should be screened for sexually transmitted infections also and should be treated with appropriate medications if affected with any. Additionally if Raine and her partner are found to be positive for hepatitis C, they should be administered with suitable medications for hepatitis C and acquired immunodeficiency. To conclude it should be mentioned that communicable diseases pose major impact of most of the peoples lives internationally (Strauss et al., 2002). Most of the people have learnt to alter their behavior for their own good because of the shocking effects of HIV and other blood borne viruses. Though awareness is high, still affected individuals are kept isolated, stigmatized and abused in different societies guiding to fear for accessing treatment and assistance. The state government and WHO policies have stated the fact that it is human right to access treatment when they require it rather than hiding it because of the fear of stigma. The reduction of harm because of HIV and other blood borne viruses are successful where measures are efficiently applied. Despite of the fact that HIV is untreated, with the introduction of various effective therapies affected individual can live a normal life. 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Dirks, H., Esser, S., Borgmann, R., Wolter, M., Fischer, E., Potthoff, A., Jablonka, R., Schadendorf, D., Brockmeyer, N. and Scherbaum, N. (2012). Substance use and sexual risk behaviour among HIV-positive men who have sex with men in specialized out-patient clinics.HIV Med, p.n/a-n/a. Evans, C. and Lambert, H. (2008). Implementing community interventions for HIV prevention: Insights from project ethnography.Social Science Medicine, 66(2), pp.467-478. Federal Ministry of Health, (2014). National human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Reproductive Health Survey 2012 (plus II): Human immunodeficiency virus Testing.J HIV Hum Reprod, 2(1), p.15. Fischler, B. (2002). HCV Infection in a Child Without Obvious Risk Factors for Blood-borne Infections.Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 34(9), pp.698-699. Gregson, S. (2006). HIV Decline Associated with Behavior Change in Eastern Zimbabwe.Science, 311(5761), pp.664-666. Hooper;, E. (2000). 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The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Paper A Jenoir direction adviser is supplying adviser service for strategic direction of the companies. Senior direction squad of Ryan air inside informations on the contracts signed with Jenoir direction consulting company for acquire the confer withing service in strategic direction of the Ryan air s hereafter. As a consequence of this we carried out a strategic analysis in footings of the environment, industry and besides sing the internal public presentation of Ryan air. The purpose of this study is to supply confer withing services to Ryan air for its strategic direction in the hereafter. This study will concentrate on: The strategic analysis of the Macro Environment taking into history the PESTEL factors which will pull out the chances and menaces, We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Industry analysis utilizing the Porters Five Forces Model and a Strategic Group Model and Internal analysis pulling out the resources and capablenesss and the VRIO utilizing the Value-Chain Model for Ryan air. Thereafter, recommendations will be given as to how Ryan air can better which will be continued in the 2nd portion of this study. Hence, this study will demo how Ryan air can execute better in the long tally by placing the cardinal strategic issues. Table of Contentss EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Table of Contentss 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 4 2.1 Company Background 4 2.2 Core Problem 5 3.0 ANALYSIS ( MODELS / THEORY USED ) 5 3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 5 3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS 5 3.1.2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air 6 3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 3.2.1PORTER S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR 6 3.2.2 Strategic Groups 7 3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 8 3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan air 8 Barney s Model for Ryan Air 9 3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain Analysis 9 4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS 10 5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS 11 5.1 Resources and capablenesss 11 7.0 CONCLUSION 13 8.0 RECOMMEDATION 14 9.0 Mentions 15 10.0 APPENDIX 16 10.1 Appendix 1 16 10.2 Appendix 2 17 10.3 Appendix 3 18 10.4 Appendix 4 19 10.5 Appendix 5 20 10.6 Appendix 6 21 10.7 Appendix 7 22 10.8 Appendix 8 22 1.0 Introduction The present concern universe is extremely complex, competitory and fast changing. Ryan air started in twelvemonth 1985 with merely 57 staff members and with one 15 seated propjet plane from the South of E of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 riders on one path. Ryan air was the first budget air hose in Europe and besides more successful low cost air hose in Europe. Ryan air s competitory advantage is its ability to turn and surpass others as it is Europe s first low-fares, no-frills bearer and in malice of economic instability there has been a growing in net incomes. ( Ryan air 2006 ) Harmonizing to Viljoen and Dann ( 2003 ) strategic direction is defined as the procedure of identifying, taking and implementing activities that will better the long tally public presentation of an administration by puting waies and by making on traveling compatibility. Presently in 2006 European air line industry confronting a background and the burgeoning budget sector. In order to analyze Ryan air s strategic will be focus on External, Internal environment and Industry. External environment will be analyzing the factors in the macro environment which influence hereafter industry growing and development, factors impacting current and future profitableness, place of rivals and strategic groups within the industry, to derive the drive forces of the industry, kineticss and eventually to understand international fight. Further more this analysis focal point on how Ryan air wants to make value for clients, its client value and competitory advantage, its activity value concatenation, client value the value proposition and finding the concern theoretical account to present the value place, short term and long term focal point and sustainability and methodological analysis of analyzing concern scheme. In concluding this analysis will concentrate on Ryan air s current strategic direction positions and how it can profit by utilizing strategic direction theories and the agencies by which the organizational efficiencies of Ryan air would be improved and urge to direction squad of Ryan air for bettering scheme execution. 2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 2.1 Company Background Ryan air started in twelvemonth 1985 with merely 57 staff members and with one 15 seated propjet plane from the South of E of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 riders on one path. Ryan air was the first budget air hose in Europe and besides more successful low cost air hose in Europe. Ryan air s competitory advantage is its ability to turn and surpass others as it is Europe s first low-fares, no-frills bearer and in malice of economic instability there has been a growing in net incomes. In placing the current concern scheme we would be analyzing the vision, mission and aims of Ryan air. The mission of the Ryan air is to go Europe mostly paid low menu by turn overing out proven low cost no frills in all markets in which we operate to the benefits of riders, people and portion holders. ( Ryan air Report, 2007 ) Ryan air s societal duty is supplying good service to the riders. The vision is to firmly set up itself as Europe s cargo low menus scheduled rider air hose through continued betterment and expanded offerings of its low menu service ( Ryan air Report 2007 ) . Ryan air s aims are 40 per centum addition the market portion within the low menu air hose sector, in 2012 dual the one-year rider transit to eighty million and to quadruple Ryan air s one-year net income up to 1,230 billion. 2.2 Core Problem Ryan air being one of the taking budget air lines in Europe, which is presently confronting crisis. Though they were executing good during the last few old ages, presently European air line industry confronting a background and the burgeoning budget sector. Therefore it is necessary for Ryan air to see the causes of the crisis and necessary action good on clip. Due to this ground Jenoir direction advisers will be analyzing the external, internal and industry, whether Ryan air could over come this barrier. 3.0 ANALYSIS ( MODELS / THEORY USED ) 3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS Pestle analysis is of import for identify Ryan air s schemes through macro external factors. These factors are in the air hose industry to understand Ryan air s future external menaces and chances. ( Refer Appendix 1 ) Political and Legal Security solution is the current move of authorities about air hose industry, which will increase the cost of service. Governments can take an action if there will be any difference in concern trades from Ryan air with Airport. The Ryan air must besides accommodate its schemes to accommodate the authorities statute laws and policies and must give more attending to the political of the state where they operate. Ryanair have been involved in assorted legal differences with authoritiess both in Ireland and the EU sing their concern trades with airdromes and air hose regulation organic structures. Economic Factors Global Economic recession in 2001-2003 had adversely affected many states and in had prostration the fiscal schemes of the company. Due to the recession the income degree of the people has come down due to that most people are proroguing or call offing their air travel. Socio cultural Factors After the September 11th incident in USA air travel as become a high hazard in concern in air line industry. More security steps are taken and the riders are confronting troubles. This has become a immense menace to air line industry. Technological- Ryan air s web site is the largest travel web site in Europe and this could assist them to increase e-commerce and advertisement gross. Their in flight cyberspace gaming, satellite telecasting and web-based check-in is an added advantage for Ryan air. Environmental Factor: The impression that the universe is becoming smaller and a move towards eco friendly environment by commanding noise degrees and green-house C emanations. 3.1.2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air Porter s diamond theoretical account for Ryan air is stated in appendix 2 severally. 3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 3.2.1PORTER S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR Dickering Power of Supplier Ryan air s chief aircraft provider is Boeing and other one is Airbus. Switch overing cost will be high when change the aircraft. Fuel monetary values will impact Ryan air s cost straight, so they are extremely dependent the fuel monetary values and besides it is really large menace of their strongest side. Generally regional airdromes have small bargaining power if they are to a great extent dependent on one air hose but twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours their bargaining power increasing because of the competition between low cost air hoses. Besides of those regional airdromes, bigger airdromes have really immense bargaining power. ( Refer Appendix 3 ) Dickering Power of Customers Ryan air is the low cost air hose for all Europe finishs and clients are particularly in recession times extremely monetary value medium. It is really easy to alter their air hose and it is In this client s cognition about the cost of service is high and there is no client trueness for Ryan air. Even though there is no client trueness, dickering power of clients is low. Ryan air is the cheapest air hose for all Europe finishs and clients are particularly in recession times extremely monetary value medium. Menace of New Entrants There are tonss of barriers to entry and it is really risk to be new in air hose industry. The capital that will put in this sector is really high. It is besides difficult to take a topographic point current competition and besides difficult to happen suited airdromes for the flights. Menace of Substitutes There is non any trade name trueness of clients and Ryan air preferred client relationship is non close relationship. If their clients find better manner to travel they will non experience any vacillation to take it. So the menace of direct and indirect replacements is really high and the most of import point is there are no shift costs for the clients. Competitive Competition The market is extremely competitory. Most of Ryan air s cost advantages can be imitative instantly. In Europe it seems like there is an understanding between Ryan air and Easy jet about non to vie caput to caput. However if any company does make up ones mind to vie on the same footing as Ryan air it will be extremely critical for Ryan air. 3.2.2 Strategic Groups Strategic Groups have been defined by Finlay ( 2000 ) as groups of concern that are likely to react likewise to environment alterations and be likewise advantaged or disadvantaged by such alterations. Porter ( cited in John et al, 1997 ) , suggests that an industry can hold merely one strategic group if all houses followed basically the same scheme. At the other utmost each house could be a different strategic group. Strategic Group Map analysis below of the European Airline industry will bespeak that Ryan air has to vie with Aer Lingus and EasyJet really closely while British Air passages and other national bearers are in the part. Other smaller budget air hoses based across Europe such as FlyBE, German Wings and Hapag Lloyd Express besides pose competition in paths which they normally compete ( Small Masters, n.d. ) . This diagram besides shows how the Mega bearers compete within their strategic groups as opposed to the Mid-Sized bearers. Private Mega Carriers: American Airlines British Air passages Mid-Sized Carriers: FlyBE German Wingss Aer Lingus EasyJet Government-Owned Carriers: British Air passages Bulgaria Air Government No: of Finishs High Low Ownership 3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan air VRINE MODEL The top direction should be able to place the resources available in the administration soon in order to measure whether the resources available are sufficient plenty to implement the schemes. So the result of the Reconstruction depends on the resources available at that clip. VRIO of Ryan air Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization Ryan air values its high service public presentation. The air hose is known for its rigorous observation on promptness, high rate of flight completion, and low luggage loss. It purchased modernized fleet which leads to less expensive care with unvarying trade names used while high aircraft use strengthens its concern and fiscal sheet. The rareness of Ryan air is based chiefly on its strategic placement and direction operations. Its execution on low menus service and high degree of client service bringing made Ryan air strong and competitory compared to other houses in the same field. Other houses in the same industry barely find their ways in copying the same operations and strategic planning. Ryan air produced effectual planning and direction operations in which it leads others to copy. Not all of the touchable and intangible resources like package, fleet designs, substructure, organisational civilization, and knowledge direction can be imitated. Causal ambiguity, clip compaction di seconomies and way dependences are factors which affect the trouble of other houses to copy effectual programs of successful houses like Ryan air. Barney s Model for Ryan Air The top direction should be able to place the resources available in the administration soon in order to measure whether the resources available are sufficient plenty to implement the schemes. So the result of the Reconstruction depends on the resources available at that clip. Harmonizing to the Barney s theoretical account can analysis Easy Jet as Ryan air s rival. Easy jet has adequate resort. For an illustration they have big figure of air trade and their skytrax star rate degree is high, so easy jet is valuable. Easy jet is non rare because same scheme what easy jet presently utilizing is other rivals besides utilizing. Easy jet can easy to copy to another company because low menu and besides they have adequate replacements ( for an illustration Train, ship ) . Easy jet is competitory para. ( Refer Appendix 4 ) 3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain Analysis Ryan air strongly manages and signifiers relationships with different providers for an illustration. Boeing and nutrient, drinks etc, to do certain goods are received of demand criterions and on clip in order to add value through out its value concatenation. In order to add significant value for its service by supplying low cost and straight proctors relationships with airdromes around Europe, so they provide subsidies to the airliner in order for them to supply low cost and seen as adding grater value for clients. In order to cut down the cost and supply low cost to clients Ryan air contracts staff for aircraft handling, fining and luggage handling to 3rd parties at competitory rates every bit good as engine fixs and heavy cares of its aircrafts. Therefore reduces direct exposure to employee relationships and differences cut downing costs all through value concatenation. In order to add greater value for client, the aircraft staff e.g. pilot, cabin crew, they holds near relationships, giving the right preparation doing them to experience confident to reply on flight inquiries. The airliner has a committee placed for its aircraft crew linked with the gross revenues of responsibility paid goods. Therefore close direction with aircraft crew ensures good labours turnover cut downing the menace of staff being absent for flights, therefore seen as adding value for clients. ( Refer Appendix 5 ) 4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS The external organisational environment includes all elements bing outside the boundary of the organisation that have the possible to impact the organisation ( Daft, 1995 ) . The environment includes rivals, resources, engineering and economic conditions that influence the organisation. The external environment can be farther conceptualized as holding two beds by and large and task environments. The general environment is the outer bed that is widely dispersed and affects organisation indirectly. It includes societal, demographic and economic factors that influence Ryan air. The most of import portion refering in the undertaking environment which is closer to the organisations ; its includes the sectors that conduct twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours dealing with the organisation and straight act upon their basic operations and public presentation: providers, competition, clients and the labour market. ( Refer Appendix 3, 6 ) 5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS All organisations have strength and failing in its countries of concern. No organisation is every bit strong or weak in all countries ( David, 2005 ) . The procedure of internal environment analogues that of the external analysis. Resources come in many signifiers form common factor inputs to extremely differentiated resources that are developed over a adult male old ages and are really hard to retroflex ( Collins and Montgomery 1998 ) . Internal environment analysis involves a survey of civilization, construction and resources including engineering adapted by the inception. 5.1 Resources and capablenesss Ryan air s chief touchable resource is air trade. Their intangible resource includes things such as company s repute ( first budget air hose and low menu air hose ) , trade name name ( Ryan air ) , proficient cognition ( 100 per centum online ticket engagement ) , patent and hallmark. A competitory advantage is the set of factors and capablenesss that allow houses to systematically surpass their challengers. ( Refer Appendix 7 ) Tangible Resources Air trade Technical Promotion Equipements Competences Monetary value, Quality service, Reliability Competitive advantage of Ryan air Capabilities Low cost, High net income Intangible Resources Ryan air s Repute Brand name Low menu Technical cognition Figure 1: Resources based position if competitory advantage of Ryan air 6.0 SWOT ANALYSIS This analysis is an effectual manner of placing internal strengths and failings of Ryan air and of fact-finding chances and menaces of the external environment. ( Refer Appendix 8 ) Strengths Ryan air is the largest and most successful of Europe s low cost air hose. This fact is strongest merchandising point for Ryan air. Consequence of this low cost scheme, which increases clients and air hose, is spread outing quickly. Ryan air s web site was the largest travel web site in Europe. And the fifth most recognized trade name on Google. Harmonizing to the Ryan air one-year study 2006, Ryan air s accessory grosss ( include not flight agenda services ) had climbed by 36 per centum. Failings Ryan air is the least favourite air hose in the universe. Passengers who travel in Ryan air lose their baggages really frequently. Ryan air staffs are considered to be really unfriendly and there is common issue that the procedure ever delays. Ryan air was merely mid scope or below norm in its P/E multiple relation to equals like easy jet, whose portions had risen by 46 % during the twelvemonth. Ryan air has been criticized for many facets of its client service. Opportunities They have possible market portion. Because low cost air hose market portion non reached the peak degree. Ryan air has better chances to rule and catch up with the competition in the European air hose industry in footings of supplying more choice service. The uninterrupted enterprises of the company in variegation of its gross resources besides open new chances to do the concern become stronger to outgrow all its rival companies. Menaces Ryan air faced assorted challenges as it entered the 2nd half of financial 2007. The air hose itself predicted that its excess capacity edifice would make uncertainness about the success of new paths, locations and other troubles. These were excess selling and discounted menu costs incurred in establishing new paths, every bit good as overcapacity taking to monetary value film editing by challengers. 7.0 Decision By taking into consideration the above analysis, Jenoir direction adviser believe Ryan air has gained competitory advantage since there is a greater chance and strengths sing to the air line industry. Based on the External, Internal and Industry analysis, there are some major issues which were identified by Jenoir direction Consultant analysis squad in relation to Ryan air have failings and menaces. There are many countries which Ryan air should workout. Systematic, healthy and an organic organisation contribute much to the success of Ryan air. An organisation with clear aims and capable to pull everyone to work with these aims will take to its success. For air hoses, the hereafter will keep many challenges. Successful air hoses will be those that continue to undertake their costs and better their merchandises, thereby procuring a strong presence in the cardinal universe air power market. Therefore taking into consideration these damaging impacts to the entity Jenoir direction Consultant analysis squad formulated certain recommendations for Ryan air to execute the undertaking of a guideline in get the better ofing these failings and menaces, by consistently using these recommendations. Ryan air will be able to change over its current failings into chances and strengths in the hereafter. However risk direction in the strategic direction must be given an of import consideration in strategic direction program execution procedure. 8.0 RECOMMEDATION Based on External, Internal and Industry analysis, Jenoir direction advisers is recommended that Ryan air see the move their concern with low cost scheme in to international market, so Ryan air should has a elaborate program for this and be able to supply good client service to the clients like by holding discounted flights, publicity to maintain the competitory advantage at a stable manner within its rivals and besides will necessitate to concentrate more on the nucleus competition that will assist Ryan air to practically plan suited air hose operation within their market. There are some other recommendations for Ryan air, Ryan air, being the market leader in the budget air hose industry is executing really good as of now. But it does necessitate to take into history all the factors discussed supra. Ryan air besides has to do certain that even though Michael OLeary s tactics work today, they may backlash tomorrow. Ryan air should decelerate down on the aggressiveness of its strategic planning and execution so that it can avoid acquiring into problem with the authoritiess and stop up paying 1000000s. In order to retain its employees, actuate them and besides another agency of cutting costs, Ryan air can follow a similar scheme that of Jet Star s JEN ( Jet star Employee Network ) . This intranet package is both the edification and the functionality necessary to garner, portion and communicate cardinal corporate, HR and clip critical staffing information. Head of Corporate Relations, Simon West off says JEN delivers ongoing nest eggs of about $ 130,000 yearly ( Story, 2009, p.18 ) . 9.0 Mentions Collins, D.J. , Montgomery, C.A. ( 1998 ) , Competing on resources: scheme in the 1990s ( Volume 73 ) , Harvard Business Review Daft, Richard L. ( 1995 ) . Organizational Theory: Cases A ; Applications. ( 4th edition. ) : West Printing Company David, R.D. ( 2005 ) . Strategic direction: constructs and instances. ( tenth edition ) : Prentice Hall of India Find Article ( 2005 ) . EasyJet to come in Irish Market for first clip. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_2004_Nov_23/ai_n7074328/ ? tag=content ; col 1 Find Article ( 2009 ) . Company Watch Ryanair. Retrieved April 22, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6781/is_2009_August_24/ai_n42028112/ ? tag=rel.res1 Hodgson, N. ( 2009, November 20 ) . Ryanair set to catch EasyJet in JLA ranks. Daily Post Liverpool. RetrievedApril 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_8008/is_20091120/ai_n42256727/ Hubbard, G. Rice, J. A ; Beamish, P. ( 2005 ) . Strategic direction believing analysis action. ( 3rd edition ) . Pearson instruction Australia Lagadec, K. ( 2008 ) . Airbus and Boeing face a dark and painful hereafter. Post Carbon Institute. Retrieved April 20, 2010, fromhttp: //www.postcarbon.org/article/40546-airbus-and-boeing-face-a-dark/13913-energy The Airline Industry. ( n.d. ) . retrieved April 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/airlineindustry.html Viljoen, J. , A ; Dann, S. ( 3rd Ed. ) . ( 2003 ) . Strategic Management: Planning and implementing successful corporate schemes. NSW, Australia: Pearson Education Australia. 10.0 APPENDIX 10.1 Appendix 1 PESTLE ANALYSIS OF RYANAIR Political Environment National air hoses supported by certain states Europe brotherhood enlargement with new paths and new rivals. New European Union regulations and ordinances. Due to the authorities stableness touristry will be addition, which is good for Ryan air. New different revenue enhancement policy for different states. Economic Environment Menace of Ryan air is increasing fuel monetary value. Taxs and Interest rates Decrease of US dollars Increasing concern category traveling The menace of the replacements Rise of airdrome handling charges SOCIAL FACTORS Increasing Grey market, which is the trade of a trade good through distribution channels, which while legal, are unofficial, unauthorised, or unintended by the original maker. Populations growing does an ageing population impact them i.e. babe boomers, tonss of people in that life phase have more disposable income to pass Safety solutions Tendency Technological FACTORS Internet gross revenues and Increased cyberspace competitions High velocity trains Online cheque in Low fuel usage Legal FACTORS Privatizing of air hose industry Illegal subsidies from airdromes Competition Torahs in air power industry Allegations of false advertizement Rules and ordinances about Carbon emanation degree Environmental FACTORS Noise degree controls, Global warming,2.6 % of Carbon emanation in the EU, so this gas will consequence Green house 10.2 Appendix 2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air Factor Condition Demand Condition Firm scheme construction and Rivalry Related A ; back uping Industries Change Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Environmentally concerned. Entrants of other Low Cost Carriers Factor conditions Technological promotion. Demand conditions Demand is increasing for Low menus air travel. Related and back uping industries Car hire, Hotels, Travel insurance, Baggage tracing, Free metropolis ushers, Ticketing, Aircraft handling, Airport manager and other services 10.3 Appendix 3 Porter s Five Forces theoretical account Dickering power of Supplier Dickering power of Buyers Menace of New Entrants Menace of Substitutes Competitive Competition 10.4 Appendix 4 ( Beginning: VRIO theoretical account / Barney s theoretical account hypertext transfer protocol: //www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B0/B58/033MB58.html ) Competitive Deductions from Recourses ( Easy jet as Ryan air s rival ) Valuable Rare Difficult to Imitate Without replacements Competitive Deduction Yes No No No Competitive para 10.5 Appendix 5 Value Chain Analysis of Ryan Air Firm Infrastructure ( Head Quarters ) Technology Development ( Internet, Integrate system, Low tech selling, Internet gross revenues ) Human Resource Management ( In house, Low cost preparation, Management control, Limited crew, public presentation contracts ) Procurement ( Boeing price reduction, Alliances, Low cost, out beginnings A ; private ) Inbound Logistic ( Quality preparation, Low cost provider, Airport understanding ) Operation ( No frill, low cost ) Outbound Logistic ( Reliable service, speedy turn around ) Selling and Gross saless ( Free promotion, Low cost, publicities, Internet gross revenues ) Servicess ( High productiveness, Limited resourses ) 10.6 Appendix 6 Location of the organisation general undertaking and internal environments Technological CUSTOMERRS Undertaking Env Internal Environment Socio cultural LABOUR Market Employees Culture International Rival Management Suppliers Legal/ Political Economic It can be noted that SUPPLIERS forms an built-in portion of undertaking environment and the function of importance of providers of constituents. 10.7 Appendix 7 Resources There are two sorts of resources, touchable and intangible which can farther be categorized into fiscal, human, physical and rational capital. Physical Resources which Ryan air possesses is 196 Boeing aircrafts. Huge sum of money was being spent for the aircraft care and they need to maintain the resources proper and running to do certain that these will non harm their low cost construction. They besides have the youngest fleet in the whole of Europe with a extremely fuel efficient capacity. Fiscal Resources Ryan air is the highest net income devising low cost structured air hose. Harmonizing to OHiggins ( 2007 ) , Ryan air s net incomes have been increasing 8.5 % on norm per twelvemonth. It besides goes onto say that in its Annual General Meeting in 2006 ; the air hose had delivered 12 % addition in net net incomes despite a 74 % addition in fuel cost. Human Resources Initially Ryan air started with merely 25 employees and had 3500 people by the twelvemonth 2006 and all of them are entrenched with a cost film editing attack. Ryan air employees a really much dedicated as Ryan air pays its employees good. In its 2006 one-year study it claimed to hold the highest wage figures than any other major European air hose. Besides by orienting rolls, the bearer maximized productiveness and clip off for crew members. The biggest HR advantage Ryanair has is Michael OLeary. Intellectual Capital The highest per centum of pie of ELFA is still being showed by Ryanair and because of its tremendous experience of its senior direction squad in the same industry. Michael OLeary joined as a Director in 1988 and was appointed CEO in January 1994. Captain Ray Conway was appointed Chief Pilot in June 2002 holding joined Ryanair in 1987. He has worked in Irish Air Corps for 14 old ages taking attention of Training and Transport Squadron.